Thomas Rowlandson, Entrance of Oxford Street or Tyburn Turnpike (1809). Image: Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, B1977.14.21238

Tolls saved Britain from pothole hell in the Industrial Revolution

The ‘turnpike’ toll road system deserves far more credit for improving roads in 18th-century England and Wales, a new study argues. Analysis of nearly 100 travellers’ diaries reveals that turnpiking improved comfort and reduced danger on the roads, as well as speeding up wheeled vehicle journeys.

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A Black chess player about to win against a light-skinned cleric. Chess problem 88 in the Libro de axedrez, dados e tablas (Seville, 1283). Credit: Patrimonio Nacional. Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial

Medieval chess promoted racial harmony and respect

Medieval manuscripts, paintings and chess sets reveal that the so-called ‘game of kings’ defied social structures and racial attitudes by celebrating the intellectual prowess of winners irrespective of their skin colour.

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